A bit more about Scripture

Following on from that long post, I think part of the reason why I relate to Scripture as I do can be explained autobiographically. That is, I came to faith after being immersed in the critical study of Scripture. There never was a time for me – at least after attaining ‘the age of discretion’ – when I have seen Scripture as being absolute or without error. The critical study of Scripture actually allowed me to move through it and see what it was about. Consequently I don’t have anything at stake in whether the Bible contains errors or not; I’ve always understood that there are such errors, but that doesn’t make any difference to faith in the living Christ.

The key question is what Tim articulated: “how do we decide whether the voice in our heads telling us to do something which is against scripture comes from God or not?” Ultimately I don’t think there is a finite answer to that question; we have to follow our conscience – a conscience which is educated and informed by Scripture, Tradition and Prayer – but still conscience all the same. And that means, we follow our conscience whether we are accepting ‘Scripture’ or rejecting it – in other words, even for those who are explicitly being obedient to Scripture, they are in practice following the higher authority of their own conscience.

There are some very knotty roots in play here. One of which is the doctrine of utter depravity, because if you accept that then any reliance on conscience becomes objectionable. Yet that has all sorts of other frankly appalling consequences so I don’t propose to spend much more time exploring that strand.

The other one, though, is the search for certainty – very much the Modern predilection and neurosis – and this is driven, at least in part, by the seeking for security in salvation. But I don’t think that this form of certainty is available to us. Not simply because we walk by faith and not by sight but because we live by grace and not works, and whatever we do can be redeemed.

In other words, God allows us to get it wrong. And if we get it wrong but we are acting in good faith and humility and actively seeking the will of God then I have no doubt that over time God will reveal to us that we have got it wrong – and that, in fact, perhaps the ‘getting of it wrong’ is precisely what God was seeking (paradoxically) in that by growing through that struggle and finally discerning that truth then we will have reached a better place than we would have done without going wrong in the first place! Some things we need to learn for ourselves, even at the cost of making a mistake.

Which is why I am more and more of the opinion that, with respect to the current arguments, I should speak a little less and listen and trust a little more. When I read someone like Christopher, for example, I’m aware of a seeking after God. Those who reject TEC’s changes as ‘abomination’ or whatever are really saying ‘we don’t trust you to be honestly seeking God, and even if you were, we don’t trust God to be active in your life to lead you to the truth’. That seems faithless to me, let alone what it indicates about fellowship.

For who is harmed even if we assume – for the time being – that this will be a mistake? (ie accepting ministries from LGBT clerics). Why can’t we trust that God is in charge and active in this process – and trust and believe that even if we disagree with what is being done? It’s as if the objectors think that we mortals have the capacity to silence the stones!

I think I’m just becoming sensitised to the political use of the language of ‘Scripture’, and I don’t like it very much.

This could never happen in England

Because we don’t ‘do religion’.

My answer would be: when Jesus is debating with the Pharisees he criticises them for searching the Scriptures rather than recognising the one about whom they testify. I believe the Bible testifies to Him, and I believe in Him.

A handful of thoughts on 1 Corinthians

I’ve just posted the last few sets of notes on 1 Corinthians for the use of our House Groups. I’ve found the process of writing the notes extremely demanding (about 2 hours work a week) and satisfying at the same time. I’ve loved the opportunity to work through the text in a thorough fashion (I’d forgotten quite how much I enjoy studying Scripture!!!), and as preparation for leading the discussion in my own house group it’s been great – but I have hated having to write up the notes. It has felt like extracting teeth, mainly because I haven’t had a clear sense of the ‘audience’ – and, as I find out more about the audience I find them to be far too diverse for one approach to work. I think only 2 or 3 out of the six or so groups use them to any great extent; at least one ignores them completely! But that’s fine, because they are only intended to be prompts and resources – the key thing is the discussion in the group itself.

I have been using two main commentaries, with occasional dipping into others: the Oxford Bible Commentary (which is my main resource generally) and Tom Wright’s ‘For Everyone’ commentary. It’s been quite illuminating to compare the two as I’ve gone on, the secular/believing contrast is sometimes strongly evident.

The best thing about it has been getting to know this text in much greater depth, and gaining an awareness of the shape of the text as a whole, how the various parts fit together coherently in Paul’s argument. That has been very satisfying.

I’m almost certainly never going to do this again for the House Groups. The other leaders have access to other resources (and more experience in using them) so I’m very happy to pass on the leadership function to someone else. But I’m almost certain to carry on doing something like this, simply because it has been so spiritually edifying for me. I plan – after Christmas – to resume a weekly rhythm of working through a particular text (probably Exodus), and I’ll post my notes onto the blog. As it will be purely for self-interest I should feel a bit more liberated with what to write, so hopefully it will flow much more easily (and I’ll be able to range a bit more widely to pursue my own interests and spiritual concerns (aka hangups)). And I’ve just read this post, which encourages me to think that as I grow into it, it might turn into something of wider use.

Is Christ Divided? session 19

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week nineteen, beginning Sunday 25 November: 1 Corinthians 15.35 – end of 16

Main theme: the resurrection body; closing comments

Questions to prompt discussion

1.What does the prospect of being raised bodily mean to you? Are there any implications for how you treat your body now?
2.In what ways can we live today without being afraid of death?
3.How should rich Christians support poor ones?
4.If you were writing a letter like Paul’s, who would you thank?

Supplementary thoughts:
After a highly sensible ‘don’t ask such silly questions’ attitude at the beginning, Paul proceeds to give us a metaphor or image for understanding the resurrection. What we are dealing with is something mysterious, for which we have only pointers. The important points are a) that we will be raised as Christ was raised, and b) that we will be raised bodily. People might like to consider the following terms, and how far they overlap or are incompatible: resurrection; life after death; eternal life; living in the Kingdom; being in heaven; reincarnation. NB Bear in mind that Paul uses ‘flesh’ to describe two things: the physical body (flesh and blood) and worldly desires (the way of the flesh).

Paul’s collection for the saints (ie other churches) is referred to in Galatians 2.10 and is key to his missionary journeys, and a principal way of binding the different communities (Jew and Gentile) together. See 2 Corinthians 8 and 9 for an idea of the response he got! (but see also Rom 15.25-7 – Corinth was the capital of Achaia).

Notes on verses
v 15.38 the emphasis is upon God’s power of resurrection
v 42 and onwards – physical body is literally a body driven by a soul (psyche) as opposed to the spiritual body driven by a (Holy?) Spirit (pneuma). Compare with ‘born again’ = literally ‘born from above’.
v 51 it’s possible that Paul expected the general resurrection in his own lifetime (compare 7.29-31; 1 Thess 4.15-17)
v 16.2 The reference to ‘the first day of the week’ is the earliest in Christian literature
v10-11 it’s possible that Timothy was not an imposing figure, hence the need to ask for help – which may be deliberate on Paul’s part, given the themes of the letter
v17 these are the members of the Corinthian church who came to Paul with the letter from the Corinthians to which this letter is a reply
v20 the holy kiss is mentioned a number of times in the New Testament – a sign of the communal aspect of Christian belief (compare with the 20th century difficulties associated with re-establishing exchanging the peace).

Is Christ Divided? session 18

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week eighteen, beginning Sunday 18 November: 1 Corinthians 15.1-34

Main theme: the resurrection

Questions to prompt discussion

1.Is it necessary to believe in the resurrection in order to be a Christian? What might a ‘yes’ answer imply? (NB Sam thinks the answer is yes….)
2.What is it that we are able to hope for?

Supplementary thoughts:
At the beginning of this extended discussion Paul points out that he is passing on what he himself has learned, in a line going back to Peter. In other words Paul has been caught up in a tradition of teaching that is passed on from person to person.

The understanding of resurrection that Paul is deploying here was something that began to be developed in Jewish thought in the two or three centuries before Christ, and given especial strength through some of the events associated with the Maccabean revolt. It was not a generally accepted notion in other cultures, and Paul’s language cannot be glossed into ‘life after death’. It was also disputed by some elements in Jewish culture (eg Sadducees, see Luke 20.27-39). So it doesn’t mean that Jesus was ‘raised to heaven’ or ‘vindicated by God’ – both of which may be true but it’s not what Paul is describing! It’s because Jesus was raised from the dead that Paul understands him to be Lord. The notions cannot be separated, but it’s the claim of a specific historical event that drives Paul’s language. Given the Corinthian culture at the time, the idea of resurrection made no sense to them – hence a downplaying of the idea in their community, and hence Paul’s insistence that without an acceptance of the resurrection their faith is ‘in vain’.

Note the link between sin and death (vv 16-18), and the way in which the resurrection overcomes both (deals with both). Without the resurrection the ‘world’ is still all that there is, and we need to come to some sort of accommodation with the world in order to live. With the resurrection there is a place to stand apart from the world, which allows us to live in distinction from the world (ie be leaven in the bread). Those who are in Christ (v29) become the means by which the disordered world is put back into good order, they share in Christ’s work.

Notes on verses
vv 3-7 are the earliest known Christian creed
v32 may be a metaphorical reference to arguments that Paul has had in Ephesus (cf Acts 19)

Is Christ Divided? session 17

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week seventeen, beginning Sunday 11 November: 1 Corinthians 14

Main theme: spiritual gifts, and their place in church life

Questions to prompt discussion

1.Have you ever experienced yourself, or been with someone who has experienced, ‘speaking in tongues’? How did it make you feel? Inspired? Disturbed?
2.What do you think prophecy is? Is there a difference between the dictionary definition and a biblical understanding?
3.What do you think Paul’s over-riding concern is in this passage? How might it apply to our church here in Mersea?
4.What do you make of the description of worship in verse 26? How does it resemble our Sunday mornings? or our house groups? Is Paul being prescriptive here?
5.What is your area of spiritual giftedness?

Supplementary thoughts:
This is a long passage, but with one exception (see below on vv 33b-35) it hangs together as a discussion of the relative place of prophecy and speaking in tongues in the life of the church. Speaking in tongues was not unique to the Christian church in Corinth, it was a part of the ‘religious scene’ in Greece; there were other ‘ecstatic cults’ at the time, and the sense is that some in the Corinthian church had become ‘puffed up’ by the experience of speaking in tongues, and were using these experiences to establish a spiritual hierarchy – which triggers much passion from Paul! Note that Paul never denigrates speaking in tongues as such (see especially v 18) he simply insists that this gift must be used for the ‘edification of the church’ and not as a badge of individual superiority (see especially v 28). There is a link back to the beginning of chapter 12 and the discussion of spiritual gifts there, as this sequence brings the argument of the last three chapters to a close. There are many sorts of spiritual gifts, including some not mentioned by Paul (there is no suggestion that Paul is giving an exhaustive list).

Verses 13 to 19 contain a consistent emphasis upon the life of the mind in building up the community of the church, and this is not simply about intellectual matters but a more general sense of understanding what is going on, so that the ‘Amen’ can actually mean an informed assent. Historically this has often led to conflict within church communities, eg over worshipping in the vernacular (ie English rather than Latin). There are issues in our church at the moment that this verse applies to quite specifically! The important thing is to worship as a whole human being, with mind and body, heart and soul.

Notes on verses
vv 33b-35 are highly controversial, and there is a suggestion that they are not originally from Paul (a number of manuscripts place them at the end of this chapter, which may indicate that they were added in by a scribe or one of Paul’s followers). Compare with 11.5 which implicitly allows women to speak; the last chapter of Romans which describes a number of women with (public) roles in the church; Phil 4.2,3. Consider also the appeal here in general terms to ‘the law’ (v34) which is a distinctly odd argument for Paul to make! Compare it with the arguments in Romans and Galatians about reliance on the law.

Top Ten Bible verses

Cribbing from John Hobbins and Doug Chaplin. Click ‘full post’ for my favourite texts.

Not necessarily in order (and quoting from memory).

“I came that they might have life and have it in all its fullness”
“In the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God”
“Love one another as I have loved you”
“The creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God”
“Not everyone who calls me Lord will enter the Kingdom, but those who do the will of my Father in heaven”
“You did not choose me, but I chose you, and appointed you to go and bear fruit, fruit that will last”
“The spirit will lead you into all truth… and the truth shall set you free”
“Come to me all who labour and are heavy laden and I shall give you rest, for my burden is easy and my yoke is light”
“No longer do I call you servants… I call you friends”
“And there shall be no more crying, no more mourning, no more pain any more, for the former things have passed away. And the one on the throne said ‘Behold, I make all things new'”

An unsurprising emphasis upon the fourth gospel.

Is Christ Divided? session 16

1 Corinthians 13

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week sixteen, beginning Sunday 4 November: 1 Corinthians 13

Main theme: The priority of love

Questions to prompt discussion

1.What is love? What does the culture think love is? And how is Christian love something different?
2.What is the role of this chapter in the argument of the letter as a whole? In other words, how does this chapter sum up what has gone before?
3.Paul describes things that may get in the way of love for the Corinthians – can you think of things which get in the way of love for the church in Mersea? What can we do to become more loving? Are there any disciplines which help?

Supplementary thoughts:
The English word ‘love’ does not necessarily capture the full flavour of the Greek word ‘agapē’ which Paul is using in this passage (the KJV translates it as ‘charity’ but that’s not necessarily an improvement!). We tend to use the word ‘love’ for all of these different senses: eros – love linked to an appreciation of beauty, often with sexual desire but not always (“Platonic love” is still erotic in this sense); philia – friendship, formed by a common attachment to a shared purpose; and agapē – general compassion and benevolence. The Bible develops the language of agapē significantly, not least in the Johannine writings (God is agapē – 1 John 4.8). Our wider culture also has a rather indistinct and romantic notion of love which is, again, dissimilar from the Christian notion of agapē.

The chapter looks back to the arguments over matters seen as important in Corinth (eg spiritual gifts, social hierarchy) and forward to the resurrection (chapter 15). It splits into three distinct sections: vv 1-3 that the absence of love makes otherwise noble endeavours worthless (note that the endeavours increase in import progressively); vv 4-7 describe what love is (note the active character of what is described, it’s not an inward sentiment); vv 8-13 articulate the eternal quality of love (foreshadowing the resurrection). There is some academic speculation that this passage is not written by Paul, because it is quite different in style to the rest of the latter. However, given the natural fit of the subject matter with the content and purpose of the letter as a whole I see no reason to doubt Pauline authorship. Tom Wright makes the interesting point that Paul could never have written such a passage unless he could have counted on the Corinthian church recognising him in it, ie that they knew Paul as someone who displayed such loving character.

Notes on verses
v3 – cf Mark 10.21
v 6 – cf 5.1-8
v12 – a mirror would have been highly polished metal at this time
v 13 – a consistent theme in Paul, cf Romans 5:1-5; Galatians 5:5-6; Colossians 1:4-5; 1 Thessalonians 1:3, 5:8.

Is Christ Divided? session 15

1 Corinthians 12

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week fifteen, beginning Sunday 28 October: 1 Corinthians 12

Main theme: Spiritual gifts and the relatedness of the body

Questions to prompt discussion

1.What does St Paul mean when he says that no-one can say ‘Jesus is Lord’ except by the Holy Spirit?
2.Are there parts of the Body that you are aware of which have a tendency to say ‘I don’t need you’?
3.What is your role in the Body? What do you understand an apostle, or a prophet, or … to be?

Supplementary thoughts:
Remember that Paul is struggling with a community that has become stratified in various ways, with some members looking down on others (and ponder the meaning of the word ‘members’ in this sense!) Here Paul is explicit about a central Christian teaching that is only implicit in other places (eg Gal 3 26-29). All the baptised stand at the same level before God; Christianity is therefore profoundly egalitarian, and this spiritual root underlies much of what is taken to be “Modern” ethics and human rights language. Paul is insistent that, not only does every member of the body have a role, but the ones who are most culturally scorned have a greater honour. One of the most important elements in Paul’s argument is the insistence that we cannot live without each other. For a contemporary example, consider what would happen if we no longer had waste disposal services provided by the council!!

One of the ongoing struggles between different Christian groups centres on the role of ministers, whereby the “priest” is seen as either occupying or claiming a ‘higher’ role. There seems little Scriptural justification for elevation upwards, but plenty – as here – for a discrimination sideways, so that the different parts of the body can function together and accomplish God’s purposes. With respect to spiritual gifts Paul is arguing here (as elsewhere) that Spirits have to be discerned and put to the test. We will return to this them when we look at chapter 14.

Notes on verses
v 1 – ‘spiritual gifts’ could also be translated ‘spiritual people’
v 3 – bear in mind that saying ‘Jesus is Lord’ was an extremely political claim, with the potential of execution for the one saying it
vv 4-6 – one of the principal sources for the development of Trinitarian doctrine
v12 – note the strong linking of the church with Christ
v28 – compare with Romans 12.6-8, Ephesians 4.11

Is Christ Divided? session 14

Catching up on these. 1 Corinthians 11.17-end

Is Christ Divided?
Notes for the house groups on 1 Corinthians.
Week fourteen, beginning Sunday 5 October: 1 Corinthians 11.17-end

Main theme: How to share communion

Questions to prompt discussion

1.What sort of meal is Paul describing in this passage? What resemblance does it have to our ‘Holy Communion’ service? Are any differences a spiritual problem? Or is our present practice a logical consequence of Paul’s argument (ponder especially v34)?
2.What is Paul criticising the Corinthians for? What are the ways in which people do similar things today?
3.What does it mean to eat or drink ‘in an unworthy manner’? What does it mean not to recognise the body of the Lord in the bread and wine?

Supplementary thoughts:
Corinthian society, as already discussed in previous weeks, was highly stratified. What appears to be happening is that, in line with social customs at the time, some of the wealthier members of the church were ‘hosting’ a Lord’s supper which was reinforcing the existing social divisions (possibly by having a separate room in which to eat, as well as higher quality food and drink). For Paul this is wholly opposed to the nature of koinonia.

This passage is the earliest account of the Lord’s supper that we possess. It might be worthwhile comparing the accounts here with those in the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke – John doesn’t relate the episode in the same way). There are various ways in which Paul emphasises the importance of the rite – doing it wrongly causes more harm than good (v17), leading to physical sickness and death (v30) and placing the eternal destiny of the soul in jeopardy (v27-32) by becoming guilty of Christ’s execution (v27).

Notes on verses
v19 – this may be an ironic or sarcastic statement on Paul’s part
v 20 – ‘the meal relating to the Lord’
v28 – may be specific to the faults being described (ie not a call for general confession)
v29 – “the body of Christ” can refer to both the consecrated elements of bread and wine and to the gathering of believers; in this context it is likely to be more the latter which Paul has in mind
v33 – ‘wait for each other’ may be better translated in terms of looking after each other as honoured guests rather than specifically being time-centred, ie treat each other well.